Objectifs du chapitre

  • Maîtriser les tournures pour exprimer une opinion personnelle, nuancer, convaincre.

  • Construire un paragraphe argumentatif solide avec thèse, arguments, exemples et conclusion partielle.

  • Utiliser les structures impersonnelles et le conditionnel pour argumenter avec prudence et distance.

  • Préparer l’épreuve d’expression écrite du bac (essai, lettre formelle, article) en s’appuyant sur des phrases modèles.

Pourquoi les structures argumentatives sont cruciales

Au baccalauréat, que ce soit pour l’essai, la lettre ou le commentaire, vous devez exposer et défendre une opinion de manière structurée. La qualité de l’argumentation est évaluée autant que la correction linguistique. Une simple accumulation d’idées ne suffit pas : il faut les organiser, les illustrer, les nuancer, puis conclure. Ce chapitre vous fournit des « briques » prêtes à l’emploi, des tournures naturelles qui vous permettront de gagner en fluidité et en précision.

Exprimer une opinion

💬 Expressions directes (pour un avis personnel)

Ces structures permettent de donner son avis de manière plus ou moins formelle selon le registre utilisé.

Structure Exemple Registre
I think (that) I think that education is essential. neutre
I believe (that) I believe we can find a solution. neutre
In my opinion, In my opinion, social media have changed our lives. neutre / soutenu
To my mind, To my mind, this policy is unfair. soutenu
As far as I’m concerned, As far as I’m concerned, the plan is too risky. neutre
Personally, Personally, I would choose the second option. neutre
It seems to me that It seems to me that we are missing the point. soutenu
I would say that I would say that the advantages outweigh the drawbacks. neutre

Précautions : Dans un essai formel, évitez de commencer chaque phrase par « I think ». Variez les formulations et, surtout, utilisez des tournures impersonnelles pour prendre du recul.

🧠 Expressions impersonnelles (style formel)

Ces structures impersonnelles sont utilisées dans les essais et écrits argumentatifs pour présenter une idée de manière générale et objective. Elles sont particulièrement utiles dans les introductions.

Expression en anglais Traduction française
It is widely believed that… Il est largement admis que…
It is generally agreed that… Il est généralement reconnu que…
It is often argued that… On affirme souvent que…
It cannot be denied that… On ne peut nier que…
There is no doubt that… Il ne fait aucun doute que…
It is obvious / clear that… Il est évident que…

⚖️ Nuancer son opinion / Exprimer une réserve

Ces structures permettent de nuancer un point de vue et de montrer une approche équilibrée et critique d’un sujet.

Structure Exemple
To some extent, … To some extent, I agree with the idea.
In a way, … In a way, technology simplifies our lives, but it also isolates us.
It depends on… It depends on the situation.
That said, … The solution is expensive. That said, it is worth investing in.
Having said that, … I understand your point. Having said that, I still disagree.
While it is true that…, it is also true that… While it is true that tourism creates jobs, it is also true that it damages the environment.
There is some truth in this argument, but… There is some truth in this argument, but other factors must be considered.

📊 Introduire et développer des arguments

Ces expressions permettent de structurer un essai argumentatif en présentant clairement les idées et en hiérarchisant les arguments.

Type d’argument Structures
Premier argument First and foremost, … / To begin with, … / The first point to consider is…
One of the main reasons is that…
Arguments suivants Furthermore, … / In addition, … / Another key point is that…
Not only … but also … (emphatique) : Not only does it create jobs, but it also stimulates innovation.
Argument le plus fort / dernier argument Above all, … / Most importantly, … / Last but not least, …

🧩 Illustrer avec des exemples

Un argument devient plus convaincant lorsqu’il est illustré par des exemples précis. Ces expressions permettent de clarifier et renforcer vos idées.

Structure Exemple
For example, … / For instance, …
A good illustration of this is…
…, such as … Social networks, such as Instagram and TikTok, influence young people.
This can be seen in… This can be seen in the increasing number of online courses.
Take the case of… Take the case of Sweden, where recycling rates exceed 90%.

⚖️ Opposer, concéder et réfuter

Ces structures permettent de construire une argumentation équilibrée en introduisant des contrastes, en reconnaissant partiellement un point de vue, puis en le nuançant ou en le réfutant.

Type Structures
Opposition frontale However, … / Nevertheless, … / On the other hand, …
The main objection is that…
Concession Although / Even though + sujet + verbe…
Despite / In spite of + nom / V-ing…

Admittedly, … but … : Admittedly, the cost is high, but the long-term benefits are greater.
It is true that… However, … : It is true that cars are convenient. However, they contribute to pollution.
Réfutation This argument does not take into account…
This view overlooks the fact that…
The problem with this reasoning is that…

🔗 Exprimer la cause et la conséquence dans l’argumentation

Au-delà des connecteurs simples, ces structures permettent d’exprimer de manière plus précise les relations de cause et de conséquence dans un essai argumentatif.

Type Structures
Cause The main cause of … is … / One of the factors behind … is …
… stems from … / … results from …

Owing to … / Due to … (suivi d’un nom)
Conséquence As a result, … / Consequently, …
This leads to … / This results in …

…, thereby + V-ing : The city planted trees, thereby improving air quality.
The consequence of this is that…

🧱 Construire un paragraphe argumentatif type (PEEL)

Un paragraphe argumentatif efficace suit la méthode PEEL, qui permet de structurer clairement une idée et de la développer de façon logique et convaincante.

Étape Description
Point Idée principale / phrase d’introduction
Explanation Explication et développement de l’idée
Example Exemple concret pour illustrer l’argument
Link Lien avec la suite ou retour à la thèse

Exemple de paragraphe rédigé :

One major advantage of remote working is that it allows a better work-life balance. Indeed, employees no longer spend hours commuting, which gives them more time for family, leisure or sleep. For instance, a recent survey in the UK showed that 65% of teleworkers reported lower stress levels. This illustrates how technology can contribute to personal well-being. However, it is important to maintain clear boundaries between professional and private life to avoid burnout.

🧭 Structures pour l’introduction et la conclusion d’un essai

Ces structures permettent de construire un essai argumentatif clair et organisé, en introduisant le sujet, la problématique et le plan, puis en proposant une conclusion nuancée.

Partie de l’essai Structures
Introduction – Accroche / contextualisation It is often said that…
In recent years, the question of … has become a major issue.
Introduction – Problématique This raises the question of whether…
This essay will examine the pros and cons of…
Introduction – Annonce de plan First, we will look at…
Then, we will consider…
Finally, we will discuss…
Conclusion – Formules générales To sum up, … / In conclusion, …

On balance, I believe that…
The evidence suggests that…

Ultimately, it is up to each individual / government / society to…
We must bear in mind that…

🧪 Le conditionnel et les structures hypothétiques

Ces structures permettent d’exprimer des hypothèses, des suggestions, des conséquences possibles ou des regrets dans un cadre argumentatif.

Structure Exemple
If + present simple, … will + base verbale
(condition type 1, réaliste)
If we invest in renewable energy, we will reduce pollution.
If + past simple, … would + base verbale
(condition type 2, hypothèse irréelle)
If people used public transport more often, traffic jams would decrease.
If + past perfect, … would have + participe passé
(condition type 3, regret / passé non réalisé)
If the government had acted earlier, the crisis would have been avoided.
It would be a good idea to… It would be a good idea to invest in public transport.
It might be beneficial to… It might be beneficial to reduce working hours.
We could / should / might consider + V-ing We could consider introducing stricter laws.
I would suggest that… I would suggest that the government take action.
One possible solution would be to… One possible solution would be to tax carbon emissions.

🔥 Tournures emphatiques et impersonnelles avancées

Ces structures permettent de renforcer un argument, d’insister sur une idée ou de donner un ton plus formel et convaincant à un essai argumentatif.

Structure Exemple
What matters most is… What matters most is ensuring equal access to education.
The fact remains that… The fact remains that inequality is still increasing.
Far from being…, X actually… Far from being a waste of time, video games actually develop problem-solving skills.
It is high time + past simple It is high time we took climate change seriously.
Not only… but also… Not only does poverty affect health, but it also limits access to education.
The more…, the more/less… The more we consume, the more waste we produce.

Connecteurs et registres de langue

  • Formel (essais, lettres officielles) : furthermore, moreover, consequently, nevertheless, therefore, in addition, however, indeed.

  • Neutre (bon pour le bac) : because, so, but, also, for example, such as, although, while, as a result.

  • Informel (dialogue, email amical) : besides, anyway, actually, so, like, and, but.

Pour l’épreuve d’expression écrite du bac, privilégiez le registre neutre ou soutenu selon le sujet ; évitez les connecteurs trop relâchés dans une dissertation argumentée.

Conseils pour l’écrit

Pour structurer un paragraphe argumentatif au bac, vous pouvez suivre ce schéma :

  1. Introduire l’idée : First, … / To begin with, … / It is often said that …

  2. Ajouter un argument : Moreover, … / In addition, … / Not only … but also …

  3. Donner un exemple : For instance, … / A good example of this is …

  4. Opposer / nuancer : However, … / On the other hand, … / Although …

  5. Conclure : Therefore, … / As a result, … / In conclusion, …


Exercice 1

Réécrivez ces phrases en utilisant un début plus formel ou impersonnel.
Exemple : I think that social media are harmful. → It is generally believed that social media are harmful.

  1. I think that global warming is the biggest threat.

  2. In my opinion, homework should be banned.

  3. I believe that everyone should learn a foreign language.

  4. I think that money cannot buy happiness.

  5. I am sure that technology improves our lives.

Corrigé exercice 1

 

  1. It is generally agreed that global warming is the biggest threat. (ou It is widely believed that…)

  2. It is often argued that homework should be banned.

  3. It is widely believed that everyone should learn a foreign language.

  4. It is a widely held view that money cannot buy happiness. (ou It is often said that…)

  5. There is no doubt that technology improves our lives. (ou It cannot be denied that…)

 

Exercice 2

Combinez les deux phrases en une seule en utilisant la structure indiquée.

  1. The plan is risky. It could create many jobs. (Although…)

  2. Many species are endangered. This is due to deforestation. (The main reason why…)

  3. He is talented. He lacks motivation. (Despite + V-ing)

  4. We need to reduce waste. We could encourage recycling. (One possible solution would be to…)

  5. Poverty causes crime. It also limits access to education. (Not only… but also…)

Corrigé exercice 2

  1. Although the plan is risky, it could create many jobs.
  2. The main reason why many species are endangered is deforestation.
  3. Despite being talented, he lacks motivation. (ou In spite of being talented…)
  4. One possible solution would be to encourage recycling in order to reduce waste.
  5. Not only does poverty cause crime, but it also limits access to education. (Attention : inversion après Not only en début de phrase)

Exercice 3

Construisez un paragraphe argumentatif en suivant le modèle PEEL sur le sujet : « Should smartphones be banned in schools ? »

  • Point : (votre idée principale)

  • Explanation : (développez)

  • Example : (donnez un exemple concret ou une donnée)

  • Link : (terminez en reliant à votre thèse ou en ouvrant sur l’idée suivante)

Corrigé exercice 3

Proposition de paragraphe PEEL
Point: Banning smartphones in schools could significantly improve students’ concentration.
Explanation: Indeed, the constant notifications and the temptation to check social media distract students from their lessons and reduce their ability to focus on complex tasks.
Example: For instance, a French middle school that banned phones in 2019 reported a 30% decrease in behavioural incidents and an improvement in overall grades.
Link: Thus, while smartphones are useful tools outside the classroom, their removal during school hours seems to foster a more productive learning environment.


Exercice 4

Traduisez les phrases suivantes en anglais en utilisant les structures du chapitre.

  1. Il est grand temps que le gouvernement prenne des mesures.

  2. Loin d’être un luxe, l’éducation est un droit fondamental.

  3. Bien qu’il y ait des inconvénients, les avantages l’emportent sur les inconvénients.

  4. Plus on fait d’exercice, plus on se sent en forme.

  5. On ne peut nier que le tourisme a un impact négatif sur l’environnement.

  6. Je dirais que la meilleure solution serait de combiner les deux approches.

  7. Si davantage de personnes utilisaient le vélo, les villes seraient moins polluées.

Corrigé exercice 4

 

  1. It is high time the government took action.

  2. Far from being a luxury, education is a fundamental right.

  3. Although there are drawbacks, the advantages outweigh the disadvantages.

  4. The more you exercise, the fitter you feel.

  5. It cannot be denied that tourism has a negative impact on the environment.

  6. I would say that the best solution would be to combine both approaches.

  7. If more people used bicycles, cities would be less polluted.

 

Exercice 5

Transformez ces phrases pour les rendre plus formelles, en utilisant les amorces données.

  1. Many people think that exams are unfair. → It is often argued that…

  2. I agree that climate change is serious, but I don’t think it’s too late. → While it is true that…

  3. Nobody can deny that the internet has changed the world. → It cannot be denied that…

  4. We should do something about pollution now. → It is high time we…

  5. The first advantage is that it creates jobs. → The first point to consider is that…

Corrigé exercice 5

 

  1. It is often argued that exams are unfair.

  2. While it is true that climate change is serious, I don’t think it is too late. (ou I do not believe it is too late)

  3. It cannot be denied that the internet has changed the world.

  4. It is high time we did something about pollution.

  5. The first point to consider is that it creates jobs.

Exercice 6

Rédigez une introduction et une conclusion sur le sujet suivant (2-3 phrases pour chaque).
« L’argent fait-il le bonheur ? (Does money bring happiness?) »
Votre introduction doit contenir une accroche, une problématique, une annonce de plan. Votre conclusion doit résumer la position et ouvrir légèrement.

Corrigé exercice 6

Introduction et conclusion (propositions)

Introduction:

It is often said that money cannot buy happiness, yet people spend their lives in pursuit of wealth. This raises the question of whether financial success truly leads to a fulfilling life. This essay will examine both sides of the argument before offering a personal stance.


Conclusion:

In conclusion, while money can provide comfort and security, it does not guarantee happiness. True well-being comes from relationships, health and a sense of purpose. Ultimately, it is up to each individual to define what makes them happy, beyond material wealth.


Exercice 7

Complétez avec un mot ou une expression du chapitre.

  1. __________ the cost is high, the long-term savings are significant. (concession)

  2. Social media, __________ Facebook and Twitter, have transformed communication. (exemple)

  3. __________ being a small country, it has a powerful economy. (concession avec nom)

  4. __________ only does tourism create jobs, but it also promotes cultural exchange. (emphase)

  5. The problem with this __________ is that it ignores the evidence. (réfutation)

Corrigé exercice 7

  1. Although / Even though

  2. such as

  3. Despite / In spite of

  4. Not

  5. argument / reasoning

 

Exercice 8

Traduisez le paragraphe suivant.
« D’une part, la mondialisation a amélioré l’accès aux biens et aux technologies. D’autre part, elle a creusé les inégalités. Bien que ses partisans soulignent ses bénéfices économiques, il ne faut pas sous-estimer ses conséquences sociales. À mon avis, ce dont nous avons besoin, c’est d’une mondialisation plus régulée. En effet, si nous ne fixons pas de règles, les plus vulnérables continueront d’en souffrir. »

Corrigé exercice 8

Traduction proposée :

On the one hand, globalisation has improved access to goods and technologies. On the other hand, it has widened inequalities. Although its supporters emphasise its economic benefits, its social consequences should not be underestimated. In my opinion, what we need is more regulated globalisation. Indeed, if we do not set rules, the most vulnerable people will continue to suffer from it.